What were the problems faced by Henry IV on His accession and how did he attempt to solve them Essays

What were the problems faced by Henry IV on His accession and how did he attempt to solve them Essays What were the problems faced by Henry IV on His accession and how did he attempt to solve them Essay What were the problems faced by Henry IV on His accession and how did he attempt to solve them Essay In the late 16th Century, there was a lot of trouble and there would be for a few years in Europe. This was particularly apparent in France under the reign of Henry III. The way in which Henry came to power was unexpected and was amidst a whole load of controversy. Henry III was assassinated and he had no natural heir to the throne of France. So on his deathbed he named Henry of Navarre to the throne, the problem was that he was a Protestant and he would have to convert before becoming the French King. This is only the beginning of the trouble and bothers that Henry of Navarre would have to deal with during his reign. The reason why Henry III gave the throne to Henry of Navarre was due to their friendship and the fact that they were allies in a war against the League and the man they named as the heir to the throne called Charles X. in a battle to win Paris back from this group Henry III was assassinated. Henry IV had to endure a number of problems during his reign and this essay will say what they were and how they were solved.Inn France there was a civil war; it was called the War of the Three Henrys. In order for Henry to secure his realm he needed to secure a power base. The only was he was going to be able to do this was to win back Paris from the forces of Henry of Guise. This was a major problem, as Henry needed to bring peace; he also had a severe shortage in men compared to the vast army of Mayenne. Henry was able to defeat the 24,000 strong army of Mayenne with only 5000 men; he did this at the Battle of Arques. He then went on to try and take over Paris but was unsuccessful. He was then able to return to Normandy and conquered another number of cities. There was another battle at the Battle of Ivry where the forces of Mayenne where supplemented by Philip II of Spain. Then as it looked as if Henry was going to finally take over the capital of Paris, the Duke of Parma came to the rescue and was able to join with the League to ma ke the army 24,000 strong, again Henry IV was forced to leave. Again, Henry realised that he needed to take another stronghold of the League to reinforce his power and so he focused on the Leagues other stronghold of Rouen in Normandy. Unfortunately for Henry, Parmas army again pushed Henry back. This was the end for the Henry and he had to think of a new game plan in order to capture Paris.The second one of Henrys problems was his religion at the moment he was a protestant and it was the reason why Henry was at war with Henry of Guise and Philip II of Spain. In order for Henry to be recognised as king of France then he would have to become a catholic. So, on 17 may 1593 the Archbishop of Bourges announced that Henry was to become Catholic. In July he went St. Denis to receive instruction from a group of Bishops, so on the 25 July he abjured his protestant faith. So there were massive street parties and a large street procession, with the cheers of long live the King. In 1594 he was finally pronounced king and he had his coronation. The only problems were now with controlling the battling religions in France and creating peace and not civil war. The other was with the Spanish garrison still in Paris, this was swiftly dealt with by opening the gates from inside and by letting Henrys troops flood in. The success was completed with the blessing of the Pope and the reconquest of Amiens in 1597 and the Peace of Vervins in 1598. Along with the peace of Vervin there was another peace settlement, this one was within the country and was to prevent civil war between the Catholics and the Protestants.This settlement was called the Edict of Nantes and was made to establish the good and lasting peace. It gave the opportunities for the Huguenots to practice their religion, they were able to practice on the grounds of a nobleman, at two places in each baillage and wherever they could prove that their faith had been openly practiced in 1596 and 1597. They were able to hold an y position in state and enter any profession, they were granted access to any schools, universities and hospitals. It was also judged that any legal case should be in front of a court including Protestants and Catholics. However, this was not complete peace there was opposition to it, and this was made known by certain extreme groups. There were some doubters in the court but after Henry IVs speech on the registration of the Edict of Nantes they soon changed their mind, as it was very well constructed and very emotive. Henry IV came to power with a lot of religious problems along with the fact that religious war was looming, however through his pragmatism and peaceful ideals he was able to deal with these problems.Before Henry had come to the throne, the war in which the previous monarch had been involved in was disastrous for the countrys economy and so it was up to Henry to find out how to sort them out. Henry was in debts of 138 livres; the crown owed money to the English crown, German princes, Swiss Cantons and the Grand Duke of Tuscany. He did this by employing the protestant, the Duke of Sully. Henry began to develop0 the ideals of absolutism and started to rebuild the nations capital. He also started to rebuild the state industry for business. In 1602 he started the Council of Commerce, which fostered the silk industry. He also set up factories for tapestry production such as the Gobbelins Factory.The country also began to make progresses in the production of morocco leather, paper, fine glass and metallurgical industries. This new stability of Henrys reign brought about a new revival in agriculture, harvests got better, cash crops increased and generally every one was enjoying the reign of Henry. The duke of sully also started to invest in developing bridges, canals and improving roads. He made sure all the work was done to a high standard by inspecting it through a team of inspectors and treasurers, so he used centre control. Sully had the largest rol e to play in reducing his countrys debt. He did this with the use of ten major ways. The first way was the storage of bullion in the Royal Treasury, this was where all the real money was kept and from this all the countrys wealth could really be counted.It also allowed the country to have some backup if the country really needed it, like in the case of war. There was a reduction of debts to foreign states, many debts were settled privately. With the marriage to Marie de Medici a lot of debt was also wiped off, along with a large sum of money given to Henry IV. Past debts were also written off and treasurers were told not to pass any of those debts into existing budgets. It was also recommended that certain Rentes should be discontinued and that interest rates should be reduced on others. There was also a reduction in direct tax and an increase in indirect tax.This was most poignant on Le Gabelle, which was a tax on salt, which everyone needed. There was also the introduction of the Paulette, which was basically a cash payment worth a 1/16th of the assessed price of an office. Sully also made the work of Provincial Treasurers more efficiency and often checked up on defaulters. He also imposed a tight supervision on expenditure and could control it when in times of hardship. He also attempted to reform the provincial financial administration. He also increased the growth of the Privy Council. All in all Sully did well he reduced the Kings debts by a lot and was able to increase income, he was most definitely the most valuable asset in helping the king with his financial problem.Another problem faced by Henry IV was provincialism and the lack of central power. Due to the vast size of France it was very hard to keep a track on every part of the country. This was why different rules were placed in different places and why central government rules were not followed in others. It all came down to the lords and the nobles who were looking after the lands. A way in whi ch henry tried to combat this was to move Provincial Governors from where they were used to being. He moved them to unfamiliar territory so they didnt know anyone and wouldnt be able to start a revolt or try and screw the King in some way. He did this to the Duke of Guise and the Duke of Conde.Most of his Provincial Governors were military commanders and they did a lot for the King. They ensured the effective expenditure of taxation, they worked on roads, bridges and fords, and they tried to exercise control over the nobility and other local political groups. Local Parlements were also very active; the king appointed their presidents and tried influencing their work. However, quite often they rejected Edicts in both religion and taxation. However hard the King tried to keep control over the groups there were always local revolts and murders of royal officials so he had to fight hard to try and keep some form of central control.The last main problem that henry had was the constant th reat of Spain. With Spain controlling Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and Italy along with many other colonies it was a major threat to France. With Spain being the most dominant and strongest force in Europe it was very threatening with Spain being on the doorstep. The Spanish were constantly involved in French business due to the war going on before Henry IV came to power and the way in which they had to leave Paris. Philip II was also involved in the plots against France and didnt like the way in which the Protestants were being treated as he felt that they were being treated to good. He wasnt also very pleased in the way in which Henry converted to Catholicism and promised to get rid of the Protestants, but instead used the Edict of Nantes to maintain peace. Spain also used their wealth to influence Provincial Governors and to cause revolts with the peasantry to make it hard for France.In conclusion henry had a lot of problems on his accession to the throne, and he dealt with th em very well. He had been threatened of civil war and he obviously didnt want this as it would put the country into debt and would be the worst thing that could possibly happen to the country. Other problems he had were religion and the way in which he dealt with religion. He dealt with it well, to keep the peace. He also improved the countrys finance, tried to keep provincialism under order due to the size of the country. He also did well to keep Spain off his back. So finally Henry IV had a lot of problems as most monarchs of his time but managed to deal with them sufficiently.

Portrayal Of A Venetian Scene By Clement And Brangwyn

Portrayal Of A Venetian Scene By Clement And Brangwyn In comparing and contrasting the etchings of Anna Clement's Rialto at Venice and Frank Brangwyn's Venetian Scene, we have to look at the different ways the artists portray their subject matter. Despite their common theme we can see from the outset that they are treated differently by each artist. There are similarities in the illusion of space, volume and shading between the two but lighting, use of line, composition and framing are very different from each other. The Clement piece gives us the impression of the bridge as a fine architectural monument with intricate and elaborate designs. While Brangwyn is more interested in portraying a daily Venetian scene rather than concentrate on the bridge, he does show that the bridge plays an important part for the people in Venice.The title of Clement's print helps us in identifying the subject matter of the etching. It gives us a specific place and knowledge of the etching and this assists us in identifying with the artwork.English: The Sto rys playing The Brangwyn Hall, Swa...

Do HR policies enhance employee productivity and hence should be used Essay

Do HR policies enhance employee productivity and hence should be used as a business strategy to achieve a cost advantages - Essay Example agers [2 from large manufacturing organization, 1 from small-medium size telecom organization, 1 each from small size finance and small size service organizations], revealed that the HR managers were involved with routine functions like administration, documentation, training and development and conflict management. Further, the strategic roles and its attributes were presented as the ability to foresee future and assess the changing business needs and environments and to plan for them. The main survey includes questions developed on the basis of the findings of the preliminary survey and the literature review. The main research included administering a questionnaire to fifty HR managers [20 from manufacturing with 15 large organizations and 5 Small-Medium; 10 from large telecom organization; 10 each from small finance and service organizations] from 15 organizations. - The larger firms have HR managers who are more involved in the organizational process and in addition to the administrative duties also provide guidance in policy development and assessing the future HR needs. - There is also a difference in the role of the HR managers across different sectors. Manufacturing organizations give more autonomy, and their HR managers are more involved in decision-making, and provide more strategy related support. Training and development activities take up a major part of all HR managers’ time. General Management is the management of the organizational resources and processes in a manner that positive gins could be attained out of the enterprise. General Management therefore comprises of activities like planning, organizing, motivating, controlling, leading and conflict managing. With the onset of the industrialization, the realm of General Management expanded to include activities like process managements and technology management (Kroon 2005). Further, propelled by the various researchers and academics, the management thought evolved to make the human resources